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Article

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Title

Mono- and Dicationic Quaternary Ammonium Salts from Glycine Betaine: Are They Less Ecotoxic Than Currently Applied Commercial Cationic Surfactants?

Authors

[ 1 ] Instytut Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej, Wydział Technologii Chemicznej, Politechnika Poznańska | [ SzD ] doctoral school student | [ P ] employee

Scientific discipline (Law 2.0)

[7.6] Chemical sciences

Year of publication

2024

Published in

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Journal year: 2024 | Journal volume: vol. 12 | Journal number: iss. 50

Article type

scientific article

Publication language

english

Keywords
EN
  • QAS
  • esterquats
  • surfactants
  • gemini
  • alkyl betainates
Abstract

EN The insertion of an ester bond into quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) to obtain esterquats offers a promising approach to reducing the environmental impact of these compounds. Monocationic and dicationic esterquats obtained via O-alkylation of a byproduct formed in the sugar production process from sugar beets, namely, glycine betaine, were evaluated as safer substitutes for the currently commercialized compounds. To assess the environmental implications and compare them with existing products, toxicity assessments were conducted using model organisms from different trophic levels, such as terrestrial plants (Centaurea cyanus L. and Sinapis alba L.), crustaceans (Daphnia magna and Artemia franciscana), and algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata). All compounds were established as safe to terrestrial plants, and only a part of them exhibited toxicity toward aquatic life. The toxicity increased with elongation of the alkyl chain to reach the “highly toxic” category according to the recommended acute toxicity rating scale for tetradecyl betainate bromide. Further alkyl extension led to a decrease in toxicity due to the “cut-off” effect. Synthesized dicationic esterquats were found to be an order of magnitude less toxic than their monocationic analogues. Compounds with shorter alkyl chains s (

Date of online publication

29.11.2024

Pages (from - to)

18187 - 18199

DOI

10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07208

URL

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07208

Ministry points / journal

140

Impact Factor

7,1 [List 2023]

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