Title
Curing and Degradation Kinetics of Phosphorus-Modified Eugenol-Based Epoxy Resin
Authors
[ 1 ] Instytut Technologii Materiałów, Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej, Politechnika Poznańska | [ P ] employee
Scientific discipline (Law 2.0)
Year of publication
2025
Article type
scientific article
Publication language
english
Keywords
EN
- Activation energy
- Amines
- Differential scanning calorimetry
- Materials
- Organic polymers
Abstract
EN Decreasing fossil fuel resources results in a growing demand for polymeric materials obtained from renewable raw materials, such as eugenol. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the kinetics of cross-linking and degradation of epoxy resin obtained from eugenol derivatives and cured with three types of amines: aliphatic: triethylenetetramine (TETA); aromatic: diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and cycloaliphatic isophorone diamine (IDA). The product was characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR as well as ESI MS techniques. The curing kinetics of the biobased resin was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess chemical changes in bioepoxy monomer after the curing process. The DSC method confirmed the occurrence of an exothermic curing reaction of the tested bioresin for all tested curing agents. The peak temperature Tp and enthalpy ΔH values determined during DSC analysis depended on the type of curing agent. The highest values of Tp (142.6−161.4°C) and ΔH (28.5−38.3 J/g) were recorded for the TEEP + DDM composition. For the remaining compositions, the values were lower and were as follows: for TEEP + TETA, Tp = 115.0 to 129.9 °C and ΔH = 12.4−26.5 J/g and for TEEP + IDA, Tp = 118.0− 137.1 °C and ΔH = 16.3 to 35.5 J/g. According to the Kissinger and Ozawa model, the activation energy of the resin cross-linking process was determined. The calculated activation energies according to Kissinger and Ozawa were 65.38 and 55.90 kJ/mol for TEEP + TETA, 60.09 and 63.84 kJ/mol for TEEP + DDM, and 57.36 and 60.85 kJ/mol for TEEP+IDA, respectively. The kinetics of thermal degradation of the eugenol-based resin were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover, it should be emphasized that compared to commercial resins, bioresin has a much lower maximum degradation rate determined by DTG and a higher amount of char residue after thermal degradation, both in nitrogen and in air.
Pages (from - to)
4353 - 4366
License type
CC BY (attribution alone)
Open Access Mode
open journal
Open Access Text Version
final published version
Date of Open Access to the publication
at the time of publication
Ministry points / journal
70
Impact Factor
4,3 [List 2024]
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